Obstacles on the sidewalk often block the path, limiting passage and resulting in frustration and wasted time, especially for citizens and visitors who use assistive devices (wheelchairs, walkers, strollers, canes, etc). To enable equal participation and use of the city, all citizens should be able to perform and complete their daily activities in a similar amount of time and effort. Therefore, we aim to offer accessibility information regarding sidewalks, so that citizens can better plan their routes, and to help city officials identify the location of bottlenecks and act on them. In this paper we propose a novel pipeline to estimate obstacle-free sidewalk widths based on 3D point cloud data of the city of Amsterdam, as the first step to offer a more complete set of information regarding sidewalk accessibility.
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在本文中，我们重新审视了钢筋学习（RL）途径的一些基本场所，以自学习红绿灯。我们提出了一种选择的选择，提供强大的性能和良好的通知来看不见的交通流量。特别是，我们的主要贡献是三倍：我们的轻量级和聚类感知状态表示导致性能提高;我们重新格式化马尔可夫决策过程（MDP），使得它跳过冗余的黄灯时间，加快学习30％;我们调查了行动空间，并提供了对非循环和循环转换之间的性能差异的洞察。此外，我们提供了对未经证明交通的方法的概念性的见解。使用现实世界杭州交通数据集的评估表明，绘图优于最先进的规则和深度增强学习算法，展示了基于RL的方法来改善城市交通流量的潜力。
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在非洲使用的2,000多种语言几乎都没有广泛可用的自动语音识别系统，并且所需的数据也仅适用于几种语言。我们已经尝试了两种技术，这些技术可能为非洲语言提供大型词汇识别的途径：多语言建模和自我监督学习。我们收集了可用的开源数据并收集了15种语言的数据，并使用这些技术训练了实验模型。我们的结果表明，汇总多语言端到端模型中可用的少量数据，并预先培训无监督的数据可以帮助提高许多非洲语言的语音识别质量。
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在这项工作中，我们为生成自动编码器的变异培训提供了确切的可能性替代方法。我们表明，可以使用可逆层来构建VAE风格的自动编码器，该层提供了可拖动的精确可能性，而无需任何正则化项。这是在选择编码器，解码器和先前体系结构的全部自由的同时实现的，这使我们的方法成为培训现有VAE和VAE风格模型的替换。我们将结果模型称为流中的自动编码器（AEF），因为编码器，解码器和先验被定义为整体可逆体系结构的单个层。我们表明，在对数可能，样本质量和降低性能的方面，该方法的性能比结构上等效的VAE高得多。从广义上讲，这项工作的主要野心是在共同的可逆性和确切的最大可能性的共同框架下缩小正常化流量和自动编码器文献之间的差距。
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2022-05-09
在本文中，我们分享了我们努力建立能够翻译一千多种语言的实用机器翻译（MT）系统的发现。我们在三个研究领域中描述了结果：（i）通过利用半监督预训练的语言识别和开发数据驱动的过滤技术来构建1500多种语言的清洁，网挖数据集； （ii）通过利用大规模的多语言模型来开发用于服务不足的语言的实用MT模型，该模型训练了有监督的并行数据，以使用100多种高资源语言和单语言数据集，以增加1000多种语言； （iii）研究这些语言的评估指标的局限性，并对我们MT模型的输出进行定性分析，突出显示了这些类型模型的几种频繁误差模式。我们希望我们的工作为旨在为当前研究的语言构建MT系统的从业者提供有用的见解，并突出显示可以补充Data-Sparse设置中大量多语言模型的弱点的研究方向。
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尽管近期因因果推断领域的进展，迄今为止没有关于从观察数据的收集治疗效应估算的方法。对临床实践的结果是，当缺乏随机试验的结果时，没有指导在真实情景中似乎有效的指导。本文提出了一种务实的方法，以获得从观察性研究的治疗效果的初步但稳健地估算，为前线临床医生提供对其治疗策略的信心程度。我们的研究设计适用于一个公开问题，估算Covid-19密集护理患者的拳击机动的治疗效果。
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Learning from a few examples remains a key challenge in machine learning. Despite recent advances in important domains such as vision and language, the standard supervised deep learning paradigm does not offer a satisfactory solution for learning new concepts rapidly from little data. In this work, we employ ideas from metric learning based on deep neural features and from recent advances that augment neural networks with external memories. Our framework learns a network that maps a small labelled support set and an unlabelled example to its label, obviating the need for fine-tuning to adapt to new class types. We then define one-shot learning problems on vision (using Omniglot, ImageNet) and language tasks. Our algorithm improves one-shot accuracy on ImageNet from 87.6% to 93.2% and from 88.0% to 93.8% on Omniglot compared to competing approaches. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the same model on language modeling by introducing a one-shot task on the Penn Treebank.
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We adapt the ideas underlying the success of Deep Q-Learning to the continuous action domain. We present an actor-critic, model-free algorithm based on the deterministic policy gradient that can operate over continuous action spaces. Using the same learning algorithm, network architecture and hyper-parameters, our algorithm robustly solves more than 20 simulated physics tasks, including classic problems such as cartpole swing-up, dexterous manipulation, legged locomotion and car driving. Our algorithm is able to find policies whose performance is competitive with those found by a planning algorithm with full access to the dynamics of the domain and its derivatives. We further demonstrate that for many of the tasks the algorithm can learn policies "end-to-end": directly from raw pixel inputs.
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We introduce a new, efficient, principled and backpropagation-compatible algorithm for learning a probability distribution on the weights of a neural network, called Bayes by Backprop. It regularises the weights by minimising a compression cost, known as the variational free energy or the expected lower bound on the marginal likelihood. We show that this principled kind of regularisation yields comparable performance to dropout on MNIST classification. We then demonstrate how the learnt uncertainty in the weights can be used to improve generalisation in non-linear regression problems, and how this weight uncertainty can be used to drive the exploration-exploitation trade-off in reinforcement learning.
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This paper introduces the Deep Recurrent Attentive Writer (DRAW) neural network architecture for image generation. DRAW networks combine a novel spatial attention mechanism that mimics the foveation of the human eye, with a sequential variational auto-encoding framework that allows for the iterative construction of complex images. The system substantially improves on the state of the art for generative models on MNIST, and, when trained on the Street View House Numbers dataset, it generates images that cannot be distinguished from real data with the naked eye.
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